Artificial Muscles Based on Coiled Conductive Polymer Yarns

Lightweight artificial muscles with large strain and large stress output have great application prospects in robotics, rehabilitation, prosthetic, and exoskeletons. Despite the excellent performance of carbon nanotube-based artificial muscles in recent years, their widespread use is hindered by the high manufacturing costs associated with carbon nanotubes. In this paper, the study introduces a novel approach by developing artificial muscles based on pure conductive polymer coiled yarns. This achievement is facilitated by the successful fabrication of high-strength conductive polymer microfibers. Furthermore, the study elucidates the molecular structural changes occurring during electrochemical processes that induce a substantial radial volume expansion in the microfibers. The resultant anisotropic volume change is magnified by the coiled yarn, yielding a remarkable contractile strain exceeding 11% at a high stress of 5 MPa, equivalent to lifting loads more than 4000 times their own masses, all achieved with a low input voltage of 1 V. Additionally, these conductive polymer-based artificial muscles exhibit hydration-induced contraction up to 33%, with swift recovery through electrical heating, leveraging their intrinsic high conductivity. This breakthrough positions high-performance conductive polymer microfibers as a promising cost-effective alternative to carbon nanotubes, establishing them at the forefront of lightweight artificial muscles.