Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared

Song Zhu; Wenduo Chen; Tugba Temel; Fakun Wang; Xiaodong Xu; Ruihuan Duan; Tingting Wu; Xuan Mao; Congliao Yan; Jianbo Yu; Chongwu Wang; Yuhao Jin; Jieyuan Cui; Jinghao Li; Dora Juan Juan Hu; Zheng Liu; Robert T. Murray; Yu Luo; Qi Jie Wang

doi:10.1126/sciadv.adt3772

Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared

Song Zhu, Wenduo Chen, Tugba Temel, Fakun Wang, Xiaodong Xu, Ruihuan Duan, Tingting Wu, Xuan Mao, Congliao Yan, Jianbo Yu, Chongwu Wang, Yuhao Jin, Jieyuan Cui, Jinghao Li, Dora Juan Juan Hu, Zheng Liu, Robert T. Murray^*, Yu Luo^*, Qi Jie Wang^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Black phosphorus (BP), with a mid-infrared (MIR) bandgap of 0.34 eV, presents itself as a promising material for MIR nonlinear optical applications. We report the realization of MIR third-harmonic generation (THG) in both BP and BP-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces (BPM). BP exhibits a high third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ⁽3⁾) exceeding 10⁻¹⁸ m²/V² in the MIR region with a maximum value of 1.55 × 10⁻¹⁷ m²/V² at 5000 nm. The BP flake achieves a THG conversion efficiency of 1.4 × 10⁻⁵, surpassing that of other 2D materials by over one order of magnitude. To further enhance this nonlinear performance, a BPM is designed and fabricated to achieve a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in THG, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 6.5 × 10⁻⁴, exceeding the performance of previously reported metasurfaces by more than one order of magnitude. These findings establish BP as a promising platform for next-generation MIR nonlinear optical devices.

Original language	English
Article number	eadt3772
Journal	Science advances
Volume	11
Issue number	20
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt3772
Publication status	Published - May 16 2025
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
copyright © 2025 the Authors, some rights reserved.

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

General

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10.1126/sciadv.adt3772

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Zhu, S., Chen, W., Temel, T., Wang, F., Xu, X., Duan, R., Wu, T., Mao, X., Yan, C., Yu, J., Wang, C., Jin, Y., Cui, J., Li, J., Hu, D. J. J., Liu, Z., Murray, R. T., Luo, Y., & Wang, Q. J. (2025). Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared. Science advances, 11(20), Article eadt3772. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt3772

@article{07059a7e559f41cf82d962b82abd2a2e,

title = "Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared",

abstract = "Black phosphorus (BP), with a mid-infrared (MIR) bandgap of 0.34 eV, presents itself as a promising material for MIR nonlinear optical applications. We report the realization of MIR third-harmonic generation (THG) in both BP and BP-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces (BPM). BP exhibits a high third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) exceeding 10−18 m2/V2 in the MIR region with a maximum value of 1.55 × 10−17 m2/V2 at 5000 nm. The BP flake achieves a THG conversion efficiency of 1.4 × 10−5, surpassing that of other 2D materials by over one order of magnitude. To further enhance this nonlinear performance, a BPM is designed and fabricated to achieve a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in THG, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 6.5 × 10−4, exceeding the performance of previously reported metasurfaces by more than one order of magnitude. These findings establish BP as a promising platform for next-generation MIR nonlinear optical devices.",

author = "Song Zhu and Wenduo Chen and Tugba Temel and Fakun Wang and Xiaodong Xu and Ruihuan Duan and Tingting Wu and Xuan Mao and Congliao Yan and Jianbo Yu and Chongwu Wang and Yuhao Jin and Jieyuan Cui and Jinghao Li and Hu, {Dora Juan Juan} and Zheng Liu and Murray, {Robert T.} and Yu Luo and Wang, {Qi Jie}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: copyright {\textcopyright} 2025 the Authors, some rights reserved.",

year = "2025",

month = may,

day = "16",

doi = "10.1126/sciadv.adt3772",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

journal = "Science advances",

issn = "2375-2548",

publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",

number = "20",

}

Zhu, S, Chen, W, Temel, T, Wang, F, Xu, X, Duan, R, Wu, T, Mao, X, Yan, C, Yu, J, Wang, C, Jin, Y, Cui, J, Li, J, Hu, DJJ, Liu, Z, Murray, RT, Luo, Y & Wang, QJ 2025, 'Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared', Science advances, vol. 11, no. 20, eadt3772. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt3772

TY - JOUR

T1 - Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared

AU - Zhu, Song

AU - Chen, Wenduo

AU - Temel, Tugba

AU - Wang, Fakun

AU - Xu, Xiaodong

AU - Duan, Ruihuan

AU - Wu, Tingting

AU - Mao, Xuan

AU - Yan, Congliao

AU - Yu, Jianbo

AU - Wang, Chongwu

AU - Jin, Yuhao

AU - Cui, Jieyuan

AU - Li, Jinghao

AU - Hu, Dora Juan Juan

AU - Liu, Zheng

AU - Murray, Robert T.

AU - Luo, Yu

AU - Wang, Qi Jie

PY - 2025/5/16

Y1 - 2025/5/16

N2 - Black phosphorus (BP), with a mid-infrared (MIR) bandgap of 0.34 eV, presents itself as a promising material for MIR nonlinear optical applications. We report the realization of MIR third-harmonic generation (THG) in both BP and BP-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces (BPM). BP exhibits a high third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) exceeding 10−18 m2/V2 in the MIR region with a maximum value of 1.55 × 10−17 m2/V2 at 5000 nm. The BP flake achieves a THG conversion efficiency of 1.4 × 10−5, surpassing that of other 2D materials by over one order of magnitude. To further enhance this nonlinear performance, a BPM is designed and fabricated to achieve a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in THG, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 6.5 × 10−4, exceeding the performance of previously reported metasurfaces by more than one order of magnitude. These findings establish BP as a promising platform for next-generation MIR nonlinear optical devices.

AB - Black phosphorus (BP), with a mid-infrared (MIR) bandgap of 0.34 eV, presents itself as a promising material for MIR nonlinear optical applications. We report the realization of MIR third-harmonic generation (THG) in both BP and BP-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces (BPM). BP exhibits a high third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) exceeding 10−18 m2/V2 in the MIR region with a maximum value of 1.55 × 10−17 m2/V2 at 5000 nm. The BP flake achieves a THG conversion efficiency of 1.4 × 10−5, surpassing that of other 2D materials by over one order of magnitude. To further enhance this nonlinear performance, a BPM is designed and fabricated to achieve a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in THG, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 6.5 × 10−4, exceeding the performance of previously reported metasurfaces by more than one order of magnitude. These findings establish BP as a promising platform for next-generation MIR nonlinear optical devices.

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SN - 2375-2548

VL - 11

JO - Science advances

JF - Science advances

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ER -

Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared

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Nanyang Technological University Reports Findings in Science (Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared)

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Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared

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Bibliographical note

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Nanyang Technological University Reports Findings in Science (Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared)

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