Emerging 3D printing of MOFs and their derivatives

Rapid development and improvement of energy-related materials is required to address the ever-growing increase in energy demand around the world. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials, composed of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers. This class of inorganic-organic hybrid materials has attracted immense attention due to their high surface area, structure tunability, highly ordered pores, and uniform metal sites. Possessing these properties allows MOFs to be applied in many fields, including batteries, catalysis, carbon captures, utilization and storage, and wastewater treatments. Its popularity as an emerging material is further enhanced through its facile yet efficient synthesis methods (e.g., hydro/solvothermal, sol-gel, and electrochemical processes) that merit high product yield. Beyond crystalline MOFs, noncrystalline MOFs such as amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids, and MOF glasses have been reported and reviewed.