Influences of East Asian Winter Monsoon and El Niño-Southern Oscillation Variability on the Kuroshio Intrusion to the South China Sea Over the Past 60 Years

The Kuroshio intrusion (KI) is a northwestward-flowing branch of the Kuroshio Current, which enters the South China Sea (SCS) and regulates its temperature, salinity, and water mass exchanges. However, limited direct observations hinder our understanding of KI's mechanisms and responses to climate change. Here, we present a 60-year bi-monthly resolved coral oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸Oc) record from Dongsha Atoll, the northern SCS. The dry-season (December–March) δ¹⁸Oc record reveals interannual to decadal variabilities of the KI. The impact of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) on Dongsha δ¹⁸Oc was more pronounced during the 1970s and 1980s and after the early 2000s, while the influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Dongsha δ¹⁸Oc was higher between the 1980s and 1990s. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) may have a relatively minor effect on KI strength or may indirectly modulate KI strength through its influence on ENSO activities. Our Dongsha δ¹⁸Oc record highlight the importance of the EAWM, ENSO, and PDO in predicting future KI changes.