Insertion-type electrodes for nonaqueous Li-ion capacitors

Apart from the mentioned applications, wind power generation, uninterruptible power sources, voltage sag compensation, photovoltaic power generation, CT and MRI scanners, and energy recovery systems in industrial machineries are worth mentioning. Carbonaceous materials are favored as EDLC components due to their high specific surface area, relatively low cost, chemical stability in solutions irrespective of the pH value, ease of synthesis protocols with tailored pore size distribution and its amphoteric nature that allows rich electrochemical properties from donor to acceptor state, and a wide range of operating temperatures. The combination reactions enable one to achieve higher energy density and specific capacitance than the EDLC counterpart. Conducting polymers and transition metal oxides are the perfect examples for pseudocapacitive materials.