Insights of recent developments in microplastics pollution and its degradation in wastewater and other environment

Background: Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants that have garnered increased attention due to their adverse impacts to the ecosystem. This review encompasses a comprehensive exploration of various facets of microplastics starting with the global impact of MPs, the routes of administration in the environment, and the exploration of practical ways to degrade MPs. Methodology: The methodology section outlines the systematic approaches are being employed in scrutinizing MPs using the physical, chemical and biological methods of the degradation. Plastics can be broken down into smaller fragments by photodegradation since it only reduces MPs into smaller particles which may remain in the environment for several years and thus it cannot provide a complete solution for the removal of microplastics pollution. Though chemical methods look promising in remediating the MPs pollution but the chemicals used in the degradation may be hazardous and may cause the further contamination. Microorganisms are the potential alternatives that could efficiently metabolize and degrade MPs for their energy requirement in an eco-friendly way. Microbial enzymes augmenting the MPs degradation have also been discussed elaborately. Findings: Research in MPs degradation is still in budding stage and the recent research has shed light for a promising solution. Physical and chemical methods have been used for the MPs removal and degradation while they have their own limitation also. Hence, researchers have identified several microorganisms as suitable candidates for the biodegradation of MPs and scientists are striving diligently to enhance their degradation potentials. Currently, employing the microbial consortia for MPs degradation is considered to be effective. MHETase and PETase from microbial sources are known to breakdown PET, which opens a new avenue for enzyme based microplastics degradation.