TY - JOUR
T1 - Measuring the frequency chirp of extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser pulses by transient absorption spectroscopy
AU - Ding, Thomas
AU - Rebholz, Marc
AU - Aufleger, Lennart
AU - Hartmann, Maximilian
AU - Stooß, Veit
AU - Magunia, Alexander
AU - Birk, Paul
AU - Borisova, Gergana Dimitrova
AU - Wachs, David
AU - da Costa Castanheira, Carina
AU - Rupprecht, Patrick
AU - Mi, Yonghao
AU - Attar, Andrew R.
AU - Gaumnitz, Thomas
AU - Loh, Zhi Heng
AU - Roling, Sebastian
AU - Butz, Marco
AU - Zacharias, Helmut
AU - Düsterer, Stefan
AU - Treusch, Rolf
AU - Eislage, Arvid
AU - Cavaletto, Stefano M.
AU - Ott, Christian
AU - Pfeifer, Thomas
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - High-intensity ultrashort pulses at extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and x-ray photon energies, delivered by state-of-the-art free-electron lasers (FELs), are revolutionizing the field of ultrafast spectroscopy. For crossing the next frontiers of research, precise, reliable and practical photonic tools for the spectro-temporal characterization of the pulses are becoming steadily more important. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a technique for the direct measurement of the frequency chirp of extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser pulses based on fundamental nonlinear optics. It is implemented in XUV-only pump-probe transient-absorption geometry and provides in-situ information on the time-energy structure of FEL pulses. Using a rate-equation model for the time-dependent absorbance changes of an ionized neon target, we show how the frequency chirp can be directly extracted and quantified from measured data. Since the method does not rely on an additional external field, we expect a widespread implementation at FELs benefiting multiple science fields by in-situ on-target measurement and optimization of FEL-pulse properties.
AB - High-intensity ultrashort pulses at extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and x-ray photon energies, delivered by state-of-the-art free-electron lasers (FELs), are revolutionizing the field of ultrafast spectroscopy. For crossing the next frontiers of research, precise, reliable and practical photonic tools for the spectro-temporal characterization of the pulses are becoming steadily more important. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a technique for the direct measurement of the frequency chirp of extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser pulses based on fundamental nonlinear optics. It is implemented in XUV-only pump-probe transient-absorption geometry and provides in-situ information on the time-energy structure of FEL pulses. Using a rate-equation model for the time-dependent absorbance changes of an ionized neon target, we show how the frequency chirp can be directly extracted and quantified from measured data. Since the method does not rely on an additional external field, we expect a widespread implementation at FELs benefiting multiple science fields by in-situ on-target measurement and optimization of FEL-pulse properties.
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U2 - 10.1038/s41467-020-20846-1
DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-20846-1
M3 - Article
C2 - 33510142
AN - SCOPUS:85100068606
SN - 2041-1723
VL - 12
JO - Nature Communications
JF - Nature Communications
IS - 1
M1 - 643
ER -