Strength and permeability of bentonite-assisted biocemented coarse sand

To effectively stabilize coarse sand, bentonite was introduced in microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) grouting. Varying concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 80 g/L) of bentonite were added to bacterial suspensions (BSs), which were magnetically stirred to form bacterial-bentonite suspensions (BBSs). Then, coarse sand specimens were treated with BBSs and cementation solutions (CSs) to different cementation levels. The results showed that the addition of bentonite could increase the volume fractions of the precipitates consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃ ) and bentonite. The permeability decreased exponentially as the volume fraction of precipitates increased. As the active precipitates increased when a lower concentration (e.g., 20 g/L) of bentonite was added to the MICP grouting, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was substantially improved. However, detrimental effects were observed for specimens treated with a high concentration of bentonite. These results indicate that the effective concentration of natural clay aggregates used in MICP grouting was different for different engineering applications, e.g., seepage control and strength enhancement. The current work provides an encouraging method of improving the MICP technique.