TY - JOUR
T1 - Stretchable ionic–electronic bilayer hydrogel electronics enable in situ detection of solid-state epidermal biomarkers
AU - Arwani, Ruth Theresia
AU - Tan, Sherwin Chong Li
AU - Sundarapandi, Archana
AU - Goh, Wei Peng
AU - Liu, Yin
AU - Leong, Fong Yew
AU - Yang, Weifeng
AU - Zheng, Xin Ting
AU - Yu, Yong
AU - Jiang, Changyun
AU - Ang, Yuan Ching
AU - Kong, Lingxuan
AU - Teo, Siew Lang
AU - Chen, Peng
AU - Su, Xinyi
AU - Li, Hongying
AU - Liu, Zhuangjian
AU - Chen, Xiaodong
AU - Yang, Le
AU - Liu, Yuxin
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2024.
PY - 2024/8
Y1 - 2024/8
N2 - Continuous and in situ detection of biomarkers in biofluids (for example, sweat) can provide critical health data but is limited by biofluid accessibility. Here we report a sensor design that enables in situ detection of solid-state biomarkers ubiquitously present on human skin. We deploy an ionic–electronic bilayer hydrogel to facilitate the sequential dissolution, diffusion and electrochemical reaction of solid-state analytes. We demonstrate continuous monitoring of water-soluble analytes (for example, solid lactate) and water-insoluble analytes (for example, solid cholesterol) with ultralow detection limits of 0.51 and 0.26 nmol cm−2, respectively. Additionally, the bilayer hydrogel electrochemical interface reduces motion artefacts by a factor of three compared with conventional liquid-sensing electrochemical interfaces. In a clinical study, solid-state epidermal biomarkers measured by our stretchable wearable sensors showed a high correlation with biomarkers in human blood and dynamically correlated with physiological activities. These results present routes to universal platforms for biomarker monitoring without the need for biofluid acquisition.
AB - Continuous and in situ detection of biomarkers in biofluids (for example, sweat) can provide critical health data but is limited by biofluid accessibility. Here we report a sensor design that enables in situ detection of solid-state biomarkers ubiquitously present on human skin. We deploy an ionic–electronic bilayer hydrogel to facilitate the sequential dissolution, diffusion and electrochemical reaction of solid-state analytes. We demonstrate continuous monitoring of water-soluble analytes (for example, solid lactate) and water-insoluble analytes (for example, solid cholesterol) with ultralow detection limits of 0.51 and 0.26 nmol cm−2, respectively. Additionally, the bilayer hydrogel electrochemical interface reduces motion artefacts by a factor of three compared with conventional liquid-sensing electrochemical interfaces. In a clinical study, solid-state epidermal biomarkers measured by our stretchable wearable sensors showed a high correlation with biomarkers in human blood and dynamically correlated with physiological activities. These results present routes to universal platforms for biomarker monitoring without the need for biofluid acquisition.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85195667511&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85195667511&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/s41563-024-01918-9
DO - 10.1038/s41563-024-01918-9
M3 - Article
C2 - 38867019
AN - SCOPUS:85195667511
SN - 1476-1122
VL - 23
SP - 1115
EP - 1122
JO - Nature Materials
JF - Nature Materials
IS - 8
ER -
