The fabrication of LiMn₂O₄ and Na_1.16V₃O₈ based full cell aqueous rechargeable battery to power portable wearable electronics devices

Aqueous rechargeable Lithium ion batteries (ARLBs) are considered as the safest alternatives to match the performance of current Li-ion energy storage devices. Herein, we report the configuration of a full cell ARLB with Na_1.16V₃O₈ crystalline rods and LiMn₂O₄ as electrodes that deliver high efficiency and excellent rate performance. In this study Na_1.16V₃O₈ crystalline rods synthesized by one step hydrothermal method were used as the anode and solid microspheres of LiMn₂O₄ synthesized by a sol-gel synthesis followed by a heat-treatment using LiOH were used as the cathode. The performance of this fabricated full cell was optimized to operate between 0 V to 2.3 V in aqueous electrolytes to deliver an energy density of ~240 Wh/kg that was found to be better than most of the current lithium ion batteries which are based on non-flammable electrolytes. The device fabricated in this study exhibits a round trip efficiency of ~50% at the end of 100 cycles with a current density of 500 mA g^-1. Furthermore, the charge storage mechanism in Na_1.16V₃O₈ rods was also studied to corroborate its suitability as a potential anode material for aqueous rechargeable lithium ion batteries.