Death in a multicultural society Metaphor, language and religion in Singapore obituaries

Obituaries are a tractable source of metaphorical depictions of death, which in turn offer unique insights into the near-universality versus culture and context-specificity of metaphors. In multicultural settings, they can shed further light on the underexplored question of how metaphor use interacts with linguistic and religious identities. This paper is a case study of newspaper obituaries (N=337) in the multicultural and multilingual context of Singapore. It uses a mixed-methods approach to uncover the types of death-related metaphors across languages and religions, their near-universal and culture-specific aspects, and significant associations between religion and metaphor use/non-use (χ² (2, N=337)=84.54, p<0.001, Cramer’s V=0.501, Log (BF₁₀)=47.14), language and metaphor use/non-use (χ² (1, N=337)=71.2, p<0.001, Cramer’s V=0.46, Log (BF₁₀)=42.25), and religion and language of the deceased (χ² (2, N=337)=48.11, p<0.001, Cramer’s V=0.378, Log (BF₁₀)=19.7). The findings extend prevailing discussion from the substantive contents of metaphors to the intra-societal pragmatics of their use, connecting metaphor explicitly with the construction of religious and linguistic identities.